Monday, 29 February 2016

CHAPTER 8 Accessing Organizational Information - Data Warehouse


1. Learning Outcome

1.1  Describe the roles an purposes
1.2  Compare the multidimensional nature with two-dimensional nature of database
1.3  Identify the importance of ensuring the cleanliness information
1.4  Explain the relationship between business intelligence and a data warehouse


2. Data Warehouse Fundamental

>  Data warehouse - a logical collection of information
                                 - gathered from many different operational database
                                 - that supports business analysis activities and decision making tasks

>  To aggregate information throughout on organization into a single repository for decision-making        purposes

> Extraction,  transformation, and loading (ETL) -  a process that extracts information from                                                                                                   internal and external database
                                                                                    - transforms the information using a common set                                                                                         of enterprise definitions
                                                                                     -  load the information into a data warehouse


Database contain information information in a series of two-dimensional tables

>  Dimension- a particular attribute of information
  • Once a cube of information is created, users can begin to slice and dice the cube to drill down into the information
  • Users can analyse information in a number of different ways and with number of different dimensions
  • Once a cube of information is created, users can begin to slice and dice the cube to drill down into the information
  • Users can analyse information in a number of different ways and with number of different dimensions



2. Multidimensional Analysis and Data Mining

>  Data mining - process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone
>  To perform data mining users need data-mining tools
>  Data-mining tools - uses a variety of techniques to find patterns and relationships in large volumes of information. Examples: retailers can use knowledge of these patterns to improve the placement of items in the layout of a mail-order catalogue page or Web page


3. Information Cleaning or Scrubbing

>  An organization must maintain high-quality data in the data warehouse
>  Information cleansing or scrubbing – a process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information
>  Occur during ETL process and second on the information once if is in the data warehouse

Contact information in an operational system


Standardizing Customer name from Operational Systems


Information cleansing activities


Accurate and complete information


4. Business Intelligence

>  Business intelligence – refers to applications and technologies that are used to gather, provide            access, analyze data, and information to support decision making effort
>  These systems will illustrate business intelligence in the areas of customer profiling, customer              support, market research, market segmentation, product profitability, statistical analysis, and                inventory and distribution analysis to name a few
>  Eg: Excel, Access 




that all for chapter 8
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Wednesday, 17 February 2016

CHAPTER 7 Storing Organizational Information Database


1. Learning Outcomes
1.1  Define the fundamental concepts of the relational databases model
1.2  Evaluating the advantages
1.3  Compare relational integrity constraints and business-critical integrity constraints
1.4  Describe the benefits
1.5  Describe the two primary methods


2. Relational Database Fundamentals

2.1 Define the fundamental concept of the relational database model ?

>   A database maintain information about the various types of objects (inventory), events                        (transaction),   people (employees) and places (ware houses)
>   Databases models include :

  • Hierarchical database model - information is organized into a tree-like structure that allows repeating information using parents or child relationship in such a way that it cannot have too many relationship. It will were widely used in the first mainframe databases managements systems. 
  • Network database model - is a flexibility way of representing objects and their relationship. 
  • Relational databases model - is a type of databases that store information in the form of logically related two dimensional tables. Two dimensional means that in one web or network we can know many things in many way not just focus in one section. 
For example, Facebook social network is not focus only in one function but in Facebook if we click in other function the pages will proceed to other function in the same time without need to open new tab.
                                                                                                                                      

                          


A cube is one way to illustrate relations among data as it helps to visualize data intersections. While it is easiest for us to picture a three-dimensional cube, a relational database stores data in many dimensions.

2.2 Entities and Attributes

>  Entity - a person, place, thing, transaction or event about which information is stored
  • The row in each table contain the entities 
>  Attributes (fields, columns) - characteristics or properties of an entry class
  • The columns in each table contain the attributes
2.3  Keys and Relationship

>  Primary keys - a field that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table
>  Foreign key - a primary key of one table that appears an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship among the two ables



3. Relational Database Advantages

3.1  Increased Flexibility
>  A well-designed database should
   - Handle changes quickly and easily
   - Provide users with different view
  •  Physical view - deals with the physical storage of information
   - Have multiple logical views
  • Logical view - focuses on how users logically access information
   - Exp: a mail-order buss-2 people view diff format but same physical view

3.2 Increased Scalability and Performance
>  A database must scale to meet increased demand, while maintaining acceptable performance levels
  • Scalability - refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands
  • Performance - measure how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction
3.3 Reduced Information Redundancy
>  Database reduce information redundancy
  • Redundancy - the same duplication of information or storing the same information in multiple places
>  Inconsistency is one of the primary problems with redundant information difficult to decide which is most current and most accurate

3.4 Increase Information Integrity (Quality) 
>  Information integrity - measure the quality of information
>  Integrity constraint - rules that help ensure the quality of information
  • Relational integrity constraint - rule that enforces basic and fundamental information-based constraints
  • Exp : users cannot create an order for a nonexistent customer
  • Business-critical integrity constraint - rules vital to an organization's success and often require more insight and knowledge
  • Exp  : Product returns are not accepted for fresh product 15 days after purchase
3.5 Increased Information Security
>  Information is an organizational asset and must be protected
>  Database offer several security features
  • Password - provides authentication of the user
  • Access level - determines who has access to the different types of information
  • Access control - determines types of user access, such as read-only access. Can only read but cannot print/copy

4. Database management systems
>  DBMS - software through which users and application programs interact a database

4.1 Data-Driven Web Sites
>  an interactive web site kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers through the use of a database

4.2 Data-Driven Web Sites Business Advantages
  • Development allows the web sites owner to make changes any time
  • Content management a static site requires a programmer to makes updates
  • Future expandability having a data-driven web site enables the site to grow faster than would be possible with a static site
  • Minimizing human error have "error trapping" mechanisms to ensure that required information is filed out correctly
  • Cutting production an update costs can be updated and "published" by any competent data entry or administrative person



5. Integrating Information among Multiple Database
>  Integration - allows separate systems to communication directly with each other
  • Forward integration - take information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes
  • Backward integration - take information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes


>  Building a central repository specifically for integrated information 











Monday, 15 February 2016

CHAPTER 6 Valuing Organizational Information


1. Learning Outcomes

1.1  Describe the broad levels, formats and granularities of information
1.2  Differentiate between transactional and analytical information
1.3  List, describe and provide an example of each of the five characteristic of high quality                          information
1.4  Assess the impact of low quality information on an organization and the benefits of high quality          information on an organization

2. Organization Information
>  Information is everywhere in an organization
>   Employees must be able to obtain and analyze the many different levels, formats and granularities      of organizational information to make decisions
>   successfully collecting, compiling, sorting and analyzing information can provide tremendous            insight how an organization is performing

>  Level, format and granularities of organizational information


3. The Value of Transactional and Analytical information
  • Transactional information verses analytical information
Transactional Information - routine activities, single business process
Analytical Information - to support analysis task, easy to top level making decision in a organization

  • Timeliness is an aspect of information that depends on the situation
Real-time information - immediate, up-to-date information
- Real-time systems - provides real-time information in response to query requests
Exp : all, first information to us, updated the information

  • Business decisions are only as good as the quality of the information used to make the decisions
  • You never want to find yourself using technology to help you make a bad decision faster


>   Characteristics of high-quality information include :
  1. Accuracy - Are the values correct? For example, is the name spelled correctly? Is the dollar amount recorded properly?
  2. Consistency - Is aggregate or summary information in agreement with detailed information? For example, do all total fields equal the true total of the individual fiends?
  3. Uniqueness - Is each transaction, entity and event represented only once in the information? For example, are there any duplicate customers?
  4. Timeliness - Is the information current with respect to the business requirements? For example, is information updated weekly, daily or hourly?

4. The Value of Quality Information

>  Low quality information example



5. Understanding the Costs of Poor Information

>  The four primary sources of low quality information include :
  1. Online customers inaccurate information to protect their privacy
  2. Different systems have different entry standards and formats
  3. Call center operations enter abbreviated or erroneous information by accident or to save time
  4. Third party and external contains inconsistencies, inaccuracies and errors
>   Potential business effect resulting from low quality information include :
  • Inability to accurately track customers
  • Difficulty identifying valuable customers
  • Inability to identify selling opportunities 
  • Marketing to nonexistent customers
  • Difficulty tracking revenue due to inaccurate invoices
  • Inability to build strong customer relationship 
6. Understanding the Benefits of Good Information

>   High quality information can significantly improve the chances of making a good decision
>   Good decision can directly impact an organization's bottom line









CHAPTER 5 Organizational Structure that Support Strategic Initiatives


1. Learning Outcomes
1.1   Compare the responsibilities of a chief information officer (CIO), chief technology officer (CTO), chief privacy officer (CPO), chief security officer (CSO), and chief knowledge officer (CKO).
1.2   Explain the gap between IT people and business people and the primary reason this gap exists.
1.3   Define the relationship between security and ethics.


Organizational Structures
>  Organizational employees must work closely together to develop strategic initiative that create competitive advantages
>  Ethics and security are two fundamental building blocks that organizations must base their businesses upon



2. IT Roles and Responsibilities

2.1  Information technology is a relatively new functional area, having only been around formally for around 40 years
2.2  Recent IT-related strategic positions
  • Chief Information Officer (CIO)
  • Chief Technology Officer (CTO)
  • Chief Security Officer (CSO)
  • Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)
  • Chief Privacy Officer (CPO)
2.3  Chief Information Officer (CIO) - oversees all uses of IT ensures the strategic allgnment of IT with business goals and objectives
>  Lead and communication
>  Same like Head Of Department (HOD)

2.3.1  Broad CIO function included :
  • Manager -ensuring the delivery of all project, on time and within budget ( manage the project)
  • Leader - ensuring the strategy vision of IT is in line with the strategy vision of the organization (lead the vision and mission)
  • Communicator - building and maintaining strong executive relationships (exp: tell new policy )

2.3.2  Average CIO compensation by industry 


2.3.3  What concerns CIOs The most 

2.4  Chief Technology Officer (CTO) - responsible for ensuring the throughput speed, accuracy, availability and reliability of IT
>  they need to access 
> they need to develop 

2.5  Chief Security Officer (CSO) - Responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems
> fight for hackers and virus
> to be smoothie 

2.6  Chief Privacy Officer (CPO) - responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of information 
> legal and ethical issues
> lawyer, the people how know about ethical and privacy

2.7  Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO) - responsible for collecting, maintaining and distributing the organization's knowledge 
> exp: UITM have a own website library to find the journal or book

Skills pivotal for success in executive IT roles




3. The Gap Between Business Personnel and IT Personnel
>   Business personnel possess expertise in functional area such as marketing, accounting and sales
>   IT personnel have the technological expertise
>   The typically couses a communications gap between the business personnel and IT personnel

3.2 Improving Communications
  • Business personnel must seek to increase their understanding of IT
  • IT personnel must seek to increase their understanding of the business
  • It is the responsibility of the CIO to ensure effective communication between business personnel and IT personnel
4. Organizational Fundamentals - Ethics and Security
>   Ethics and security are two fundamental building blocks that organizations must base their                  businesses on to be successful
>   In recent years, such events as the Enron and Martha Stewart along with 9/11 have shed new light      on the meaning of ethics and security



4.1  Ethics
>  The principles and standards that guide our behavior toward other people
    ( Privacy and Security CPO,CSO )
>   Privacy is a major ethical issue
   - Privacy - The right to be left alone when you when to be, to have control over your own personal possessions and not be observed without your content

>   Issues affected by technology advances 
  • Intellectual property - Intangible creative work
  • Copyright - The legal protection afforded an expression of an idea such as a song, video game and some types of proprietary document
  • Fair use doctrine - It is legal to use copyright material
  • Pirated software - The unauthorized use, duplication, distribution or sale of copyright software
  • Counterfeit software - Software that is manufactured to look like the thing and sold as such

4.2  Security

  • Organizational information is intellectual capital - it must be protected (asset organization)

  • Information security - The protection of information from accidental or intentional misuse by persons inside or outside an organization

  • E-business automatically creates tremendous information security risks for organizations





Thursday, 11 February 2016

CHAPTER 4 : Measuring the Success of Strategic Initiatives


1. Learning outcomes

1.1 Compare efficiency IT metrics and effectiveness IT metrics
1.2 List and describe five common types of efficiency IT metrics
1.3 List and describe four types of effectiveness IT metrics
1.4 Explain customer metrics and their important to an organization

2. Measuring Information Technology's Success

2.1   Key performance indicator - measure that are tied to business drivers
2.2   Metrics are detailed measure that feed KPIs
2.3   Performance metrics fall into the nebulous area of business intelligence that is neither technology, nor             business centered, but requires input from both IT and business professional
4M : i.  Money
        ii.  Man
        iii. Material
        iv. Machine

3. Efficiency and Effectiveness

3.1  Efficiency IT metricmeasures the performance of the IT system itself including throughput, speed,                                                and availability
       '' Doing things right''

3.2  Efficiency IT metric focus on technology and include :

  • Throughput - The amount of information that can travel through a system at any point.
  • Transaction speed - The amount of time a system takes to perform a transaction.
  • System available - The number of hours a system is available for users.
  • Information accuracy - The extent to which a system generates the correct results when executing the same transaction numerous times.
  • Web traffic - Includes a host of benchmarks such as the number of page views, the number of unique visitors, and the average time spent viewing a web page.
  • Response time - The time it takes to respond to user interactions such as a mouse click.

3.3  Effectiveness IT Metrics - measure the impact IT has on business processing and activities including                                                       customer satisfaction, conversion rates, and sell-through increases.
      '' Doing the right things ''

3.4  Effectiveness IT metrics focus on an organization's goals, strategies and objectives and include :
  • Usability - The ease with which people perform transactions and/or find information. A popular usability metric on the Internet is degrees of freedom, which measures the number of clicks required to find desired information. Easy to enter to our website.
  • Customer satisfaction - Measured by such benchmarks as satisfaction surveys, percentage of existing customers retained, and increases in revenue dollars per customer. 
  • Conversion rates - Th number of customers an organization "touches" for the first time and persuades to purchase its products or services. This is a popular metric for evaluating the effectiveness of banner, pop-up, and pop-under ads on the Internet. Conversation with customer to buy our product.
  • Financial - Such as return on investment (the earning power of an organization's assets), cost-benefit analysis (the comparison of projected revenues and  costs including development, maintenance, fixed, and variable), and break-even analysis (the point at which constant revenues equal ongoing costs).


3.5  The Interrelationship of Efficiency and Effectiveness IT Metrics
  1. Security is an issues for any organization offering products or services over the Internet. When we use security in our system, the system can be slower.
  2.  It is inefficient for an organization to implement Internet security, since it slows down processing
  • however, to be effective it must implement Internet security
  • Secure Internet connections must offer encryption and Secure Sockets Layers (SSL denoted by the lock symbol in the lower right corner of a browser)
  • It can be slow because have a security and effectiveness but customer feeling happy because all information can be more safely.


4. Benchmarking - Baselining Metrics


4.1  Regardless of what is measured, how it is measured, and whether it is for the sake of efficiency or                  effectiveness, there must be 
       benchmarks - baseline values the system seeks to attain. 
       It means a level that should be achieved.
4.2  Benchmarking - a process of continuously measuring system results, comparing those results to optimal          system performance (benchmark values), and identifying steps and procedures to improve system                  performance. (make improvements)











5. Metrics for Strategic Initiatives

5.1  Metrics for measuring and managing strategic initiatives include :

  • Web site metrics
  • Supply chain management (SCM) metrics
  • Customer relationship management (CRM) metrics
  • Business process reengineering (BPR) metrics
  • Enterprise resource planning (ERP) metrics

5.2  Web Site Metrics include :

  • Abandoned registrations - Number of visitors who start the process of completing a registration page and he abandon the activity.
  • Abandoned shopping carts - Number of visitors who create a shopping cart and start shopping and then abandon the activity before paying for the merchandise.
  • Click-through - Count of the number of people who people who visit a site, click on an ad and are taken to the site of the advertiser.
  • Conversion rate - Percentage of potential customers who visit a site and actually buy something.
  • Cost-per-thousand (CPM) - sales dollars generated per dollar of advertising. this is commonly used to make the case for spending money to appear on a search engine.
  • Page exposures - Average number of page exposures to an individual visitor.
  • Total hits - Number of visitor to a Web site, many of which may be by the same visitor.
  • Unique visitors - Number of unique visitors to a site in a given time. this is commonly used by Nielsen/Net ratings to rank the most popular Web sites.

5.3  Supply Chain Management Metrics include :


5.4  Customer Relationship Management Metrics 
>  Customer relationship management metrics measure user satisfaction and interaction and include :
  • Sales metrics
  • Service metrics
  • Marketing metrics

5.5  Business Process Reengineering and Enterprise Resource Planning Metrics 
>  The balanced scorecard enables organizations to measure and manage strategic initiatives.







that all of chapter 4
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